Fluid Mechanics book

Newly Published book - Fluid Mechanics
(Rs.450/-)

Published by: Media Promoters and Publishers Private Ltd., Mumbai

Fluid Mechanics: Theory, Numerical Problems and solutions

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2017 Edition, 424pages, 160mm X 240 mm, Paperback,  325  Problems solved, 223 diagrams, Rs. 450/-

Readership: Undergraduate students in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Professionals and researchers.

• The object of the book "Fluid Mechanics" is to enable the students to study in proper direction so to help them to solve real life problems. This subject is generally taught in a single semester of the engineering colleges and polytechnics in different engineering disciplines such as civil, mechanical, chemical, aerospace, agricultural, mining, architecture engineering etc. As duration of one semester is only for six months, the content in this book has been planned in such  that the topics cover the entire syllabus in an optimized way.
• A second objective of the book is to integrate the concepts and techniques discussed within the text into a body of knowledge sufficient in both depth and breadth  so that the practitioner of this subject will find the topics useful.  Though the volume of the book is not huge, adequate solved numerical problems and diagrams are added. Total number of drawings in 16 chapters is 323 and solved number of problems is 325. All objective problems and numerical problems for readers are furnished with final answers.
• This book also covers the syllabus of A.M.I.E. (Section B), GATE and Indian Engineering Services Examinations. The students sitting for the same will find this book as an invaluable help.

Contents

1. Properties of fluid  1 - 22

1.  Introduction,  1;   2.  Gases, liquids and solids,  2;   3.  Dimensions and units,  3;  4.   Some important properties of fluids,  4;   5.  Thermodynamic properties of fluid,  7;   6.  Viscosity,  8;   7.  Surface tension,  10;   8.  Classification of fluid,  11;   9.  Concept of continuum, system and control volume,  12;   10.  Compressibility and bulk modulus of elasticity,  12;   11.  Vapour pressure,  13;   12.  Derivation of Newton’s law of viscosity,  14;   13.  Viscosity when the liquid flows between two solid plates, the lower plate being fixed,  15;   14.  Determination of viscosity,  15;   15.  Cohesion,  17;   16.  Adhesion,  17;  17.  Capillarity,  17;   18.  Pressure in a droplet,  18.

2. Measurement of pressure 23 - 46

1.  Introduction,  23;   2.  Fluid pressure,  23;   3.  Pascal’s law,  24;   4.  Basic equation of hydrostatics (Variation of pressure in a static fluid)  25;   5.  Measurement of pressure,  27;   6.  Effect of shape and size of container on pressure,  28;   7.  Type of forces acting on fluid,  28;   8.  Measurement of pressure,  30;   9.  Differential manometer,  33;   10.  Manometer,  35;   11.  Barometer,  39;   12.  Fluids used in manometer,  39;   13.  Mechanical gauges,  40;   14.  Pressure system,  43.

3. Hydrostatic force 47 - 74

1.  Introduction,  47;   2.  Total pressure and centre of pressure,  47;   3  Concept of pressure prism,  48;   4.  Force on a plane horizontal immersed surface,  48;   5.  Force on a vertical immersed surface,  48;   6.  Centre of pressure ( ) on a plane vertical immersed surface,  49;   7.  Force on an inclined plane surface,  52;   8.  Pressure on curved surface,  55;   9.  Hydraulic structures,  58;   10.  Pressure diagram for a rectangular lamina immersed in a liquid,  60;   11.  Pressure on masonry wall by pressure diagram,  60;   12.  Sluice gate,  62;   13.  Lock gate,  63;   14.  Motion of liquid subjected to uniform horizontal acceleration,  65;   15.  Motion of liquid subjected to uniform vertical acceleration,  70.

4. Buoyancy and floatation  75 - 92

1.  Introduction,  75;   2.  Buoyancy and centre of buoyancy,  75;   3.  Archimedes principle and its proof,  76;   4.  Condition of floatation,  77;   5.  Body submerged in two different liquids,  79;   6.  Stability of a submerged body,  81;   7.  Metacentre and metacentric height,  81;   8.  Determination of meta-centric height,  82;   9.  Time period of rolling (Oscillation) of a ship, 86.

5. Kinematics of fluid flow   93-122

1.  Introduction,  93;   2.  Description of fluid motion,  93;   3.  Types of fluid flow,  94;   4.  Discharge or rate of flow,  97;   5.  Continuity equation of fluid flow,  97;   6.  Continuity equation for three dimensional  flow, 98;   7.  Velocity and acceleration of fluid particles,  100;   8.  Local acceleration and convective acceleration,  101;   9.  Rotational flow and vorticity,  102;   10.  Circulation,  104;   11.  Flow lines,  105;   12.  Stream function,  107;   13.  Velocity potential function,  109;   14.  Examples of different types of flow,  111;   15.  Flow net,  111;   16.  Vortex flow,  112:   17.  Stream function and potential function for vortex flow,  114.

6. Fluid dynamics               123-150

1.  Introduction,  123;   2.  Energy of fluid,  123;   3.  Euler equation of motion,  125;   4.  Bernoulli equation,  126;   5.  Derivation of Bernoulli equation from Euler equation,  127;   6.  Bernoulli equation for real fluid,  129;   7.  Practical application of Bernoulli equation,  130;   8.  Momentum equation,  139;   9.  Force of flowing fluid through  a pipe bend,  139;   10.  Momentum correction factor and energy correction factor,  142;  11.  Moment of momentum equation or angular momentum,  142;   12.  Motion of free jet,  143.

7. Orifice and mouthpieces         151 - 176

1.  Introduction,  151;   2.  Orifice,  151;   3.  Orifice discharging free,  151;   4.  Hydraulic coefficients of orifice,  152;   5.  Determination of Cc, Cv and Cd  153;   6.  Loss of head during flow through the orifice,  154;   7.  Large orifice,  156;   8.  Time of emptying a tank by an orifice at its bottom,  159;   9.  Time of emptying a hemispherical tank,  161;   10.  Time of emptying a circular horizontal tank,  162;   11.  Flow of liquid from one vessel to another,  163;   12.  Emptying and filling of a lock chamber,  165;   13.  Flow through the mouthpiece,  166;   14.  External or short tube mouthpiece,  167;   15.  Convergent divergent mouthpiece,  169;   16.  Borda’s mouthpiece or internal mouthpiece,  170.

8. Notches and weirs         177 - 200

1.  Introduction,  177;   2.  Notches and weirs,  177;   3.  Classification of weir,  178;   4.  Flow over a rectangular weir and notch,  178;   5.  Velocity of approach,  179;   6.  Weirs with and without end contractions,  180;   7.  Francis formula for rectangular weir,  181;   8.  Other empirical formula,  181;   9.  Triangular or V- notch or weir,  182;   10. Submerged or drowned weir,  184;   11.  Anicut or raised weir or barrage,  185;   12.  Trapezoidal weir,  186;   13.  Ventilation of weir,  186;   14.  Time of emptying of a reservoir by a rectangular notch or weir,  187;   15.  Time of emptying a reservoir by a triangular notch or weir,  188;   16.  Broad crested weir,  190;   17.  Venturi-flume,  191;   18.  Effect on discharge due to error in measuring the head over the weir or notch,  193;   19.  Stepped weir,  194;   20.  Spillways,  195;   21.  Ogee weir,  195;   22.  Chute spillways,  196.

9. Dimensional and model analysis          201– 226

1.  Introduction,  201;   2.  Dimension of different quantities,  201;   3.  Non dimensional form of an equation,  202;   4.  Dimensional homogeneous equality,  202;   5.  Method of dimensional analysis,  204;   6.  Rayleigh’s method,  204;   7.  Buckingham’s  π  theorem,  205;   8.  Selection of the repeating variables,  207;   9.  Model analysis,  213;   10.  Geometrical similarity (Mathematical expression),  214;   11.  Kinematic similarity (Mathematical expression),  214;   12.  Dynamic similarity (Mathematical expression),  214;   13.  Forces acting on fluid flow,  215;   14.  Model analysis for flow around immersed bodies such as cars, submarines, airplanes etc,  217;   15. Modeling ratios,  218;   16.  Type of models,  220;   17.  Field of model testing,  222;   18.  Scale effect,  222;   19.  Use of dimensional analysis,  222.

10. Potential flow         227 – 246

1.  Introduction,  227;   2.  Uniform flow,  228;   3.  Source flow,  231;   4.  Sink flow,  231;   5.  Superimposed flow,  232;   6.  Source and sink flow, 232;   7.  Doublet,  236;   8.  Flow past half body (Source in a uniform flow),  237;   9.  Doublet in a uniform flow (Flow past a circular cylinder),  240;   10.  A source and sink pair in a uniform flow (Flow past a half body),  243.

11. Flow in pipes (with viscous and turbulent flow)          247 - 284

1.  Introduction,  247;   2.  Analysis of incompressible flow through a circular pipe (Hagen Poiseuille equation),  247;   3.  Reynolds number and formula,  250;   4.  Kinetic energy correction factor,  252;   5.  Darcy-Weisbach equation: frictional head loss in pipe flow,  252;   6.  Relation between coefficient of friction and shear stress in a circular pipe,  252;   7.  Turbulent flow in pipes,  254;   8.  Nikuradse’s experiment: smooth and rough boundaries,  254;   9.Work of   Nikuradse and Blasius for turbulent flow,  255;   10.  Prandtl universal velocity distribution in turbulent flow through pipes,  256;   11.  Some expressions for velocity distribution and friction factor for turbulent flow,  257;   12.  Energy losses in the piping system,  260;   13.  Pipes in series,  265;   14.  Pipes in parallel,  266;   15.  Equivalent pipe,  266;   16.  Total energy line (T. E. L) and hydraulic grade line (H. G. L) in flow through pipe,  267;   17.  Transmission of power through pipe,  272;   18.  Flow through nozzle,  273;     19.  Water hammer,  276;   20.  Siphon,  276;   21.  Pipe connection to three reservoirs,  278.

12. Flow in open channel          285 – 322

1.  Introduction,  285;   2.  Different types of open channel flows,  286;   3.  Terms used,  287;  4.  Parameters for open channel flow,  288;   5.  Discharge through an open channel by Chezy’s formula,  289;   6.  Empirical expressions for Chezy’s constant C,  290;   7.  Hydraulic mean depth of channel of different cross sections,  291;   8.  Channels of most economical section,  295   9.  Specific energy,  301;   10.  Specific energy diagram and critical, subcritical and supercritical flow,  304;   11.  Types of open channel flow,  205;   12.  Hydraulic jump or standing wave,  305;   13.  Determination of depth of jump,  306;   14.  Comparison between uniform and non uniform flow,  309;   15.  Types of non-uniform or varied flow,  309;   16.  Profile of gradually varied flow,  310;   17.  Characteristics of open channel flow based on the value of  ,  311;   18.  Back water curve,  312;   19.  Determination of length of surface profile (Length of back water curve),  313;   20.  Draw down or falling surface,  315;   21.  Section factor of channel,  315;   22.  Conveyance in a channel,  316.

13. Boundary layer, drag and lift          323 – 356

1.  Introduction,  323;   2.  Concept of boundary layer,  324;   3.  Development of boundary layer along a flat plate,  324;   4.  Boundary layer thickness ,  325;   5.  Displacement thickness *,  325;   6.  Momentum thickness (θ),  326;   7.  Energy thickness,  **,  326;   8.  Characteristics of boundary layer,  327;   9.  Factors effecting the change of laminar boundary layer to turbulent boundary layer,  328;   10.  Von-Karman momentum integral equation,  329;   11.  Drag force due to boundary layer,  330;   12.  Boundary conditions and different velocity distribution in boundary layer,  331;   13.  Boundary layer specification with no pressure gradient,  331; 14.  Blasius equation,  334;   15.  Turbulent boundary layer,  335;   16.  Assumptions in boundary layer analysis,  337;   17.  Separation and wake,  337;   18.  Control of boundary layer separation,  338;   19.  Drag and lift,  339;   20.  Expression for drag and lift,  339;   21.  Skin friction drag or surface drag or viscous drag or shear drag;  340;    22.  Pressure drag or form drag,  341;   23.  Shape drag,  341;   24.  Drag on a sphere,  341;   25.  Drag on a cylinder,  343;   26.  Lift coefficient,  344;   27.  Circulation,  344;   28.  Magnus effect (Lift force on rotating cylinder),  345;   29.  Calculation of lift force on a rotating cylinder (Kutta Joukowski theorem),  345;   30.  Drag and lift on lifting vanes or airfoils,  348;   31.  Stream lined and bluff bodies,  349.

14. Impact of jet          357 – 370

1.  Introduction,  357;   2.  Force exerted by jet on a fixed plate held normal to the jet,  357;   3.  Force of jet on moving plate,  358;   4.  Force of jet on a series of plates,  358;   5.  Impact of jet on a fixed inclined plate,  359;   6.  Impact of jet on a inclined plate moving in the direction of jet,  360;   7.  Jet striking a hinged vertical plate,  361;   8.  Jet impinging at the centre of a fixed smooth symmetrical curve vane,  361;   9.  Jet impinging at the centre of a smooth moving curved vane,  362;   10.  Jet impinging on a fixed curved vane tangentially at one end,  363;   11.  Impact of jet on moving curved vane when the jet strikes tangentially at inlet tip,  364;   12.  Force exerted on a series of radial curved vanes,  366;   13.  Jet propulsion,  368.

15. Fluid machines (turbines and pumps)         371 – 396

1.  Introduction,  371;   2.  Hydraulic machines,  371;   3.  Turbo machines,  371;   4.  Classification of turbine,  372;   5.  Outline of a hydroelectric power plant,  373;   6.  Different heads of turbines,  373;   7.  Efficiency of a turbine,  373;   8.  Impulse turbine,  374;   9.  Reaction turbine,  374;   10.  Pelton turbine and its working principle,  375;   11.  Francis turbine and its working principle,  375;   12.  Kaplan turbine and its working principle,  375;   13.  Velocity triangles for Pelton wheel turbine (Impulse turbine),  376;   14.  Velocity triangles and work done by water on runner in case of reaction turbine,  378;   15.  Draft tube,  380;   16.  Specific speed,  380;   17.  Unit condition,  381;   18.  Performance characteristic curves for a turbine,  381;   19.  Governing of a turbine,  382;   20.  Cavitations, 382;   21.  Pumps,  385;   22.  Efficiency of a pump,  385;   .23     Centrifugal pump, 386, 24.  Velocity components at inlet and outlet of a centrifugal pump,  386;   25.  Reciprocating pump,  389;   26.  Rotary pump,  391;   27.  Cavitations of pump,  391;   28.  Specific speed of a pump,  391;   29.  Minimum speed to start a pump,  391;   30.  Multistage centrifugal pump for high heads,  392.

16. Compressible flow                      397 – 408

1.  Introduction,  397;   2.  Compressibility of liquid and gases,  397;   3.  Entropy,  398;   4.  Continuity equation of compressible fluid,  398;   5 assumptions for compressible flow,  398;   6.  Perfect gas relation and specific heats,  399;   7.  Some important relations,  399;   8.  Expansion or contraction of fluid,  400;   9.  Energy equations,  400;   10.  Energy   equation in isothermal process,  401;   11.  Energy equation in adiabatic process,401;   12.  Wave propagation through compressible fluid,  402;   13.  Mach number,  403;   14.  Type of propagation of wave,  404;   15.  Stagnation point,  404;   16.  Stagnation pressure,  404;   17.  Normal shock wave, 404;